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Practical notes: My RAG System Missed 80% of My Data. This One Change Fixed It.
Operable walkthrough of Practical notes: My RAG System Missed 80% of My Data. This One Change Fixed It.: contracts, checks, and drop-in code slots for teams shipping this pattern.
This walkthrough rebuilds the path from raw materials to a working system for: My RAG System Missed 80% of My Data. This One Change Fixed It.. The focus is operable steps, explicit checks, and code that you can drop into a repo without guessing intent. For the Overview stage, define the inputs, the owner of the step, and the exit criteria before changing code. Operators should be able to re-run the step from a known checkpoint without guessing hidden state. Keep configuration outside application code. Environment files, secret stores, and feature flags belong in one place operators can audit without reading the whole graph.
What Actually Changed With Gemini Embedding 2
When working through the What Actually Changed With stage, write down the contract first: required inputs, success signal, and what happens on partial failure. That checklist keeps later code changes honest. Document the happy path and the recovery path together. Retries, human gates, and dead-letter handling are part of the product, not later polish. Log request id, model id, and latency on every call. Without that trail, intermittent provider errors look like application bugs.
The Single Embedding Space Problem
When working through the The Single Embedding Space stage, write down the contract first: required inputs, success signal, and what happens on partial failure. That checklist keeps later code changes honest. Prefer small, testable units over sprawling scripts. When a step fails, the failure should point at a single responsibility rather than a tangled pipeline. Measure recall on a fixed question set before tuning prompts. Prompt churn rarely fixes a weak retrieval surface.
What the Model Actually Supports
When working through the What the Model Actually stage, write down the contract first: required inputs, success signal, and what happens on partial failure. That checklist keeps later code changes honest. Treat this stage as a contract between inputs and validated outputs. Name the artifacts, define success checks, and refuse silent partial completion. Cache stable system instructions and tool schemas. Re-sending identical preamble is a common source of burn. When working through the What the Model Actually stage, write down the contract first: required inputs, success signal, and what happens on partial failure. That checklist keeps later code changes honest. Keep configuration outside application code. Environment files, secret stores, and feature flags belong in one place operators can audit without reading the whole graph.
The Architecture, Explained in Full
The The Architecture Explained in stage works best when treated as a measurable surface. Capture one golden transcript, one failure case, and the rollback note before expanding scope. Document the happy path and the recovery path together. Retries, human gates, and dead-letter handling are part of the product, not later polish. Separate chunking policy from retrieval policy. Changing one should not force a rewrite of the other when quality metrics move.
The Ingestion Pipeline
The The Ingestion Pipeline stage works best when treated as a measurable surface. Capture one golden transcript, one failure case, and the rollback note before expanding scope. Prefer small, testable units over sprawling scripts. When a step fails, the failure should point at a single responsibility rather than a tangled pipeline. Separate chunking policy from retrieval policy. Changing one should not force a rewrite of the other when quality metrics move.
The Query Pipeline
The The Query Pipeline stage works best when treated as a measurable surface. Capture one golden transcript, one failure case, and the rollback note before expanding scope. Treat this stage as a contract between inputs and validated outputs. Name the artifacts, define success checks, and refuse silent partial completion. Separate chunking policy from retrieval policy. Changing one should not force a rewrite of the other when quality metrics move. The The Query Pipeline stage works best when treated as a measurable surface. Capture one golden transcript, one failure case, and the rollback note before expanding scope. Keep configuration outside application code. Environment files, secret stores, and feature flags belong in one place operators can audit without reading the whole graph.
Why These Two Pipelines Must Stay Separate
For the Why These Two Pipelines stage, define the inputs, the owner of the step, and the exit criteria before changing code. Operators should be able to re-run the step from a known checkpoint without guessing hidden state. Document the happy path and the recovery path together. Retries, human gates, and dead-letter handling are part of the product, not later polish. Cite the passages that actually grounded the answer. Without citations, operators cannot tell hallucination from an indexing gap.
Setting Up the Environment
For the Setting Up the Environment stage, define the inputs, the owner of the step, and the exit criteria before changing code. Operators should be able to re-run the step from a known checkpoint without guessing hidden state. Prefer small, testable units over sprawling scripts. When a step fails, the failure should point at a single responsibility rather than a tangled pipeline. Cite the passages that actually grounded the answer. Without citations, operators cannot tell hallucination from an indexing gap.
pip install google-genai chromadb google-generativeai python-dotenv ffmpeg-python
# config.py
import os
from google import genai
from google.genai import types
GEMINI_API_KEY = os.getenv("GEMINI_API_KEY")
EMBEDDING_MODEL = "gemini-embedding-2-preview"
GENERATION_MODEL = "gemini-2.5-pro"
# Output dimensionality options: 128, 256, 512, 768, 1024, 1536, 3072
# 1536 is the recommended default
EMBEDDING_DIMENSIONS = 1536
client = genai.Client(api_key=GEMINI_API_KEY)
Building the Ingestion Pipeline
For the Building the Ingestion Pipeline stage, define the inputs, the owner of the step, and the exit criteria before changing code. Operators should be able to re-run the step from a known checkpoint without guessing hidden state. Treat this stage as a contract between inputs and validated outputs. Name the artifacts, define success checks, and refuse silent partial completion. Cite the passages that actually grounded the answer. Without citations, operators cannot tell hallucination from an indexing gap. For the Building the Ingestion Pipeline stage, define the inputs, the owner of the step, and the exit criteria before changing code. Operators should be able to re-run the step from a known checkpoint without guessing hidden state. Keep configuration outside application code. Environment files, secret stores, and feature flags belong in one place operators can audit without reading the whole graph.
Step 1: The Embedding Client
When working through the Step 1 The Embedding stage, write down the contract first: required inputs, success signal, and what happens on partial failure. That checklist keeps later code changes honest. Document the happy path and the recovery path together. Retries, human gates, and dead-letter handling are part of the product, not later polish. Measure recall on a fixed question set before tuning prompts. Prompt churn rarely fixes a weak retrieval surface.
# embedder.py
import time
from pathlib import Path
from google import genai
from google.genai import types
from config import client, EMBEDDING_MODEL, EMBEDDING_DIMENSIONS
def embed_text(text: str, task_type: str = "RETRIEVAL_DOCUMENT") -> list[float]:
"""Embed a plain text chunk."""
result = client.models.embed_content(
model=EMBEDDING_MODEL,
contents=text,
config=types.EmbedContentConfig(
task_type=task_type,
output_dimensionality=EMBEDDING_DIMENSIONS
)
)
return result.embeddings[0].values
def _wait_for_file(uploaded, max_wait: int = 300):
"""Poll until a File API upload is done processing."""
waited = 0
poll_interval = 5
while uploaded.state.name == "PROCESSING" and waited time.sleep(poll_interval)
waited += poll_interval
uploaded = client.files.get(name=uploaded.name)
if uploaded.state.name != "ACTIVE":
raise RuntimeError(
f"File never became ACTIVE. Final state: {uploaded.state.name}"
)
return uploaded
def embed_audio(audio_path: str) -> list[float]:
"""
Embed an audio file natively. No transcription step.
The model processes the audio signal directly and returns a
semantic embedding that captures speech content, tone, and
acoustic features. Max input: 80 seconds per file.
"""
uploaded = client.files.upload(path=str(audio_path))
uploaded = _wait_for_file(uploaded, max_wait=120)
result = client.models.embed_content(
model=EMBEDDING_MODEL,
contents=uploaded,
config=types.EmbedContentConfig(
task_type="RETRIEVAL_DOCUMENT",
output_dimensionality=EMBEDDING_DIMENSIONS
)
)
# Clean up: uploaded files count against your quota
client.files.delete(name=uploaded.name)
return result.embeddings[0].values
def embed_video(video_path: str) -> list[float]:
"""
Embed a video chunk natively. Gemini processes both the
audio track and visual frames together in one pass.
This is the key capability: visual demonstrations get captured
in the embedding alongside what is being said. Max input: 128 seconds.
"""
uploaded = client.files.upload(path=str(video_path))
uploaded = _wait_for_file(uploaded, max_wait=300)
result = client.models.embed_content(
model=EMBEDDING_MODEL,
contents=uploaded,
config=types.EmbedContentConfig(
task_type="RETRIEVAL_DOCUMENT",
output_dimensionality=EMBEDDING_DIMENSIONS
)
)
client.files.delete(name=uploaded.name)
return result.embeddings[0].values
def embed_with_context(text: str, image_bytes: bytes = None) -> list[float]:
"""
Embed text and an optional image together in a single call.
When both are passed, the model returns one vector that
represents the joint meaning. A query asking about a database
schema can retrieve a screenshot of that schema.
"""
contents = [text]
if image_bytes:
contents.append(
types.Part.from_bytes(data=image_bytes, mime_type="image/jpeg")
)
result = client.models.embed_content(
model=EMBEDDING_MODEL,
contents=contents,
config=types.EmbedContentConfig(
task_type="RETRIEVAL_DOCUMENT",
output_dimensionality=EMBEDDING_DIMENSIONS
)
)
return result.embeddings[0].values
Step 2: The Media Chunker
When working through the Step 2 The Media stage, write down the contract first: required inputs, success signal, and what happens on partial failure. That checklist keeps later code changes honest. Prefer small, testable units over sprawling scripts. When a step fails, the failure should point at a single responsibility rather than a tangled pipeline. Measure recall on a fixed question set before tuning prompts. Prompt churn rarely fixes a weak retrieval surface.
# chunker.py
import subprocess
import json
from pathlib import Path
from dataclasses import dataclass
from typing import List
@dataclass
class MediaChunk:
file_path: str
start_time: float
end_time: float
source_file: str
modality: str
chunk_index: int
total_chunks: int # Useful for progress reporting
def get_media_duration(file_path: str) -> float:
"""Get exact duration via ffprobe. Works for both audio and video."""
cmd = [
"ffprobe", "-v", "quiet",
"-print_format", "json",
"-show_streams", str(file_path)
]
result = subprocess.run(cmd, capture_output=True, text=True, check=True)
data = json.loads(result.stdout)
# Find the first stream with a duration value
for stream in data.get("streams", []):
if "duration" in stream:
return float(stream["duration"])
raise ValueError(f"Could not determine duration for: {file_path}")
def _run_ffmpeg_split(input_path: str, output_path: str,
start: float, duration: float):
"""Execute a single ffmpeg split operation."""
cmd = [
"ffmpeg", "-y",
"-ss", str(start),
"-i", str(input_path),
"-t", str(duration),
"-c", "copy", # No re-encoding: much faster, no quality loss
"-avoid_negative_ts", "make_zero",
str(output_path)
]
result = subprocess.run(cmd, capture_output=True)
if result.returncode != 0:
raise RuntimeError(
f"ffmpeg failed: {result.stderr.decode()}"
)
def chunk_video(
video_path: str,
chunk_duration: int = 90,
overlap: int = 10,
output_dir: str = "./chunks/video"
) -> List[MediaChunk]:
"""
Split video into overlapping chunks within the 128-second limit.
Default: 90-second chunks with 10-second overlap.
Overlap ensures topic transitions are captured in at least one chunk.
"""
Path(output_dir).mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
total_duration = get_media_duration(video_path)
source_name = Path(video_path).stem
# Pre-calculate chunk boundaries
boundaries = []
start = 0.0
while start end = min(start + chunk_duration, total_duration)
boundaries.append((start, end))
start += (chunk_duration - overlap)
chunks = []
for idx, (start, end) in enumerate(boundaries):
output_path = f"{output_dir}/{source_name}_{idx:04d}.mp4"
_run_ffmpeg_split(video_path, output_path, start, end - start)
chunks.append(MediaChunk(
file_path=output_path,
start_time=start,
end_time=end,
source_file=str(video_path),
modality="video",
chunk_index=idx,
total_chunks=len(boundaries)
))
return chunks
def chunk_audio(
audio_path: str,
chunk_duration: int = 60,
overlap: int = 5,
output_dir: str = "./chunks/audio"
) -> List[MediaChunk]:
"""
Split audio into overlapping chunks within the 80-second limit.
60 seconds per chunk gives a comfortable buffer under the 80-second cap.
"""
Path(output_dir).mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
total_duration = get_media_duration(audio_path)
source_name = Path(audio_path).stem
boundaries = []
start = 0.0
while start end = min(start + chunk_duration, total_duration)
boundaries.append((start, end))
start += (chunk_duration - overlap)
chunks = []
for idx, (start, end) in enumerate(boundaries):
output_path = f"{output_dir}/{source_name}_{idx:04d}.mp3"
_run_ffmpeg_split(audio_path, output_path, start, end - start)
chunks.append(MediaChunk(
file_path=output_path,
start_time=start,
end_time=end,
source_file=str(audio_path),
modality="audio",
chunk_index=idx,
total_chunks=len(boundaries)
))
return chunks
Step 3: The Vector Store
When working through the Step 3 The Vector stage, write down the contract first: required inputs, success signal, and what happens on partial failure. That checklist keeps later code changes honest. Treat this stage as a contract between inputs and validated outputs. Name the artifacts, define success checks, and refuse silent partial completion. Measure recall on a fixed question set before tuning prompts. Prompt churn rarely fixes a weak retrieval surface. When working through the Step 3 The Vector stage, write down the contract first: required inputs, success signal, and what happens on partial failure. That checklist keeps later code changes honest. Keep configuration outside application code. Environment files, secret stores, and feature flags belong in one place operators can audit without reading the whole graph.
# vector_store.py
import chromadb
from chromadb.config import Settings
from pathlib import Path
class MultimodalVectorStore:
"""
Vector store wrapping ChromaDB for multimodal RAG.
Stores embeddings + metadata for text, audio, and video chunks.
"""
def __init__(self, persist_dir: str = "./chroma_db"):
self.client = chromadb.PersistentClient(
path=persist_dir,
settings=Settings(anonymized_telemetry=False)
)
self.collection = self.client.get_or_create_collection(
name="multimodal_rag",
# cosine distance is standard for semantic similarity
metadata={"hnsw:space": "cosine"}
)
def add_text_chunk(
self,
chunk_id: str,
text: str,
embedding: list[float],
source_file: str,
chunk_index: int,
page: int = None
):
self.collection.add(
ids=[chunk_id],
embeddings=[embedding],
documents=[text],
metadatas=[{
"modality": "text",
"source_file": source_file,
"chunk_index": chunk_index,
"page": page or 0,
"preview": text[:250]
}]
)
def add_media_chunk(
self,
chunk_id: str,
embedding: list[float],
source_file: str,
start_time: float,
end_time: float,
modality: str,
chunk_index: int
):
"""
Store a video or audio chunk.
Note: we store a formatted timestamp string in `documents`
so ChromaDB has something to display. The actual retrieval
quality comes entirely from the embedding, not this text.
"""
ts_start = f"{int(start_time // 60):02d}:{int(start_time % 60):02d}"
ts_end = f"{int(end_time // 60):02d}:{int(end_time % 60):02d}"
display = (
f"[{modality.upper()}] {Path(source_file).name} "
f"from {ts_start} to {ts_end}"
)
self.collection.add(
ids=[chunk_id],
embeddings=[embedding],
documents=[display],
metadatas=[{
"modality": modality,
"source_file": source_file,
"start_time": start_time,
"end_time": end_time,
"timestamp_start": ts_start,
"timestamp_end": ts_end,
"chunk_index": chunk_index,
"preview": display
}]
)
def search(
self,
query_embedding: list[float],
n_results: int = 5,
modality_filter: str = None
) -> list[dict]:
"""
Retrieve top-k most similar chunks across all modalities.
Optionally filter to a single modality for targeted search.
"""
where_clause = {"modality": modality_filter} if modality_filter else None
results = self.collection.query(
query_embeddings=[query_embedding],
n_results=n_results,
where=where_clause,
include=["documents", "metadatas", "distances"]
)
chunks = []
for doc, meta, dist in zip(
results["documents"][0],
results["metadatas"][0],
results["distances"][0]
):
chunks.append({
"content": doc,
"metadata": meta,
"modality": meta["modality"],
# ChromaDB returns cosine distance; convert to similarity score
"similarity": round(1.0 - dist, 4)
})
return sorted(chunks, key=lambda x: x["similarity"], reverse=True)
def count(self) -> int:
return self.collection.count()
Step 4: The Ingestion Runner
The Step 4 The Ingestion stage works best when treated as a measurable surface. Capture one golden transcript, one failure case, and the rollback note before expanding scope. Document the happy path and the recovery path together. Retries, human gates, and dead-letter handling are part of the product, not later polish. Separate chunking policy from retrieval policy. Changing one should not force a rewrite of the other when quality metrics move.
# ingest.py
import os
import hashlib
from pathlib import Path
from chunker import chunk_video, chunk_audio
from embedder import embed_text, embed_audio, embed_video
from vector_store import MultimodalVectorStore
store = MultimodalVectorStore(persist_dir="./chroma_db")
def make_chunk_id(source_path: str, chunk_index: int) -> str:
"""Stable, unique ID for any chunk. Same input always = same ID."""
raw = f"{os.path.abspath(source_path)}:{chunk_index}"
return hashlib.sha256(raw.encode()).hexdigest()[:20]
def ingest_text_file(file_path: str):
with open(file_path, "r", encoding="utf-8") as f:
text = f.read()
# Sliding window chunking: 800 chars with 100-char overlap
chunk_size, overlap = 800, 100
raw_chunks = []
start = 0
while start end = min(start + chunk_size, len(text))
raw_chunks.append(text[start:end])
start += chunk_size - overlap
for i, chunk_text in enumerate(raw_chunks):
embedding = embed_text(chunk_text, task_type="RETRIEVAL_DOCUMENT")
store.add_text_chunk(
chunk_id=make_chunk_id(file_path, i),
text=chunk_text,
embedding=embedding,
source_file=file_path,
chunk_index=i
)
print(f" Stored {len(raw_chunks)} text chunks from {Path(file_path).name}")
def ingest_video_file(file_path: str):
print(f" Chunking: {Path(file_path).name}")
chunks = chunk_video(file_path, chunk_duration=90, overlap=10)
for chunk in chunks:
print(
f" Embedding chunk {chunk.chunk_index + 1}/{chunk.total_chunks} "
f"({chunk.start_time:.0f}s to {chunk.end_time:.0f}s)"
)
try:
embedding = embed_video(chunk.file_path)
store.add_media_chunk(
chunk_id=make_chunk_id(file_path, chunk.chunk_index),
embedding=embedding,
source_file=file_path,
start_time=chunk.start_time,
end_time=chunk.end_time,
modality="video",
chunk_index=chunk.chunk_index
)
except Exception as e:
print(f" WARNING: Failed to embed chunk {chunk.chunk_index}: {e}")
finally:
# Always clean up temp files, even on failure
if os.path.exists(chunk.file_path):
os.remove(chunk.file_path)
print(f" Done. {len(chunks)} video chunks stored.")
def ingest_audio_file(file_path: str):
print(f" Chunking: {Path(file_path).name}")
chunks = chunk_audio(file_path, chunk_duration=60, overlap=5)
for chunk in chunks:
try:
embedding = embed_audio(chunk.file_path)
store.add_media_chunk(
chunk_id=make_chunk_id(file_path, chunk.chunk_index),
embedding=embedding,
source_file=file_path,
start_time=chunk.start_time,
end_time=chunk.end_time,
modality="audio",
chunk_index=chunk.chunk_index
)
except Exception as e:
print(f" WARNING: Failed to embed chunk {chunk.chunk_index}: {e}")
finally:
if os.path.exists(chunk.file_path):
os.remove(chunk.file_path)
print(f" Done. {len(chunks)} audio chunks stored.")
def ingest_directory(directory: str):
handlers = {
".txt": ingest_text_file,
".md": ingest_text_file,
".mp4": ingest_video_file,
".mov": ingest_video_file,
".mp3": ingest_audio_file,
".wav": ingest_audio_file,
}
all_files = list(Path(directory).rglob("*"))
media_files = [f for f in all_files if f.suffix.lower() in handlers]
print(f"Found {len(media_files)} files to ingest\n")
for file_path in media_files:
print(f"Processing: {file_path.name}")
handler = handlers[file_path.suffix.lower()]
handler(str(file_path))
print()
print(f"Ingestion complete. Total chunks indexed: {store.count()}")
if __name__ == "__main__":
ingest_directory("./knowledge_base")
Building the Query Pipeline
The Building the Query Pipeline stage works best when treated as a measurable surface. Capture one golden transcript, one failure case, and the rollback note before expanding scope. Prefer small, testable units over sprawling scripts. When a step fails, the failure should point at a single responsibility rather than a tangled pipeline. Separate chunking policy from retrieval policy. Changing one should not force a rewrite of the other when quality metrics move.
# query.py
import os
from pathlib import Path
import google.generativeai as genai
from embedder import embed_text
from vector_store import MultimodalVectorStore
from config import GENERATION_MODEL
store = MultimodalVectorStore(persist_dir="./chroma_db")
def format_context_for_llm(chunks: list[dict]) -> str:
"""
Format retrieved chunks into a context block for the generative model.
We include modality, source, and similarity score so the model
can calibrate its confidence and cite sources accurately.
"""
parts = []
for rank, chunk in enumerate(chunks, start=1):
meta = chunk["metadata"]
modality = chunk["modality"]
score = chunk["similarity"]
if modality == "text":
parts.append(
f"[SOURCE {rank} | TEXT | {Path(meta['source_file']).name} "
f"| chunk {meta['chunk_index']} | similarity {score}]\n"
f"{chunk['content']}"
)
elif modality == "video":
parts.append(
f"[SOURCE {rank} | VIDEO | {Path(meta['source_file']).name} "
f"| {meta['timestamp_start']} to {meta['timestamp_end']} "
f"| similarity {score}]\n"
f"Video segment covering this time range."
)
elif modality == "audio":
parts.append(
f"[SOURCE {rank} | AUDIO | {Path(meta['source_file']).name} "
f"| {meta['timestamp_start']} to {meta['timestamp_end']} "
f"| similarity {score}]\n"
f"Audio segment covering this time range."
)
return "\n\n---\n\n".join(parts)
def answer_query(
query: str,
n_results: int = 5,
modality_filter: str = None,
similarity_threshold: float = 0.6
) -> dict:
"""
Full RAG pipeline: embed the query, retrieve chunks, generate answer.
similarity_threshold: chunks below this score are dropped before generation.
Prevents low-quality matches from polluting the context.
"""
query_embedding = embed_text(query, task_type="RETRIEVAL_QUERY")
retrieved = store.search(
query_embedding=query_embedding,
n_results=n_results,
modality_filter=modality_filter
)
# Filter out weak matches
filtered = [c for c in retrieved if c["similarity"] >= similarity_threshold]
if not filtered:
return {
"answer": (
"No sufficiently relevant content was found in the knowledge base. "
"The most similar content had a similarity score below the threshold."
),
"sources": retrieved,
"query": query
}
context = format_context_for_llm(filtered)
system_prompt = """You are a helpful assistant with access to a multimodal
knowledge base that contains text documents, video recordings, and audio files.
When citing a source, reference it by its label (e.g., SOURCE 1, SOURCE 2).
For video and audio sources, always include the timestamp so the user can
navigate to the exact moment in the recording.
If the retrieved context does not contain enough information to answer
confidently, say so clearly rather than guessing."""
user_message = (
f"Using only the sources below, answer this question:\n\n"
f"Question: {query}\n\n"
f"Sources:\n{context}"
)
genai.configure(api_key=os.getenv("GEMINI_API_KEY"))
model = genai.GenerativeModel(GENERATION_MODEL)
response = model.generate_content(
user_message,
generation_config={"temperature": 0.1}
)
return {
"answer": response.text,
"sources": filtered,
"query": query,
"chunks_retrieved": len(retrieved),
"chunks_used": len(filtered)
}
Improving Retrieval Accuracy
The Improving Retrieval Accuracy stage works best when treated as a measurable surface. Capture one golden transcript, one failure case, and the rollback note before expanding scope. Treat this stage as a contract between inputs and validated outputs. Name the artifacts, define success checks, and refuse silent partial completion. Separate chunking policy from retrieval policy. Changing one should not force a rewrite of the other when quality metrics move. The Improving Retrieval Accuracy stage works best when treated as a measurable surface. Capture one golden transcript, one failure case, and the rollback note before expanding scope. Keep configuration outside application code. Environment files, secret stores, and feature flags belong in one place operators can audit without reading the whole graph.
1. Use the Right Task Type, Every Time
For the 1 Use the Right stage, define the inputs, the owner of the step, and the exit criteria before changing code. Operators should be able to re-run the step from a known checkpoint without guessing hidden state. Document the happy path and the recovery path together. Retries, human gates, and dead-letter handling are part of the product, not later polish. Cite the passages that actually grounded the answer. Without citations, operators cannot tell hallucination from an indexing gap.
2. Add Query Expansion Before Embedding
For the 2 Add Query Expansion stage, define the inputs, the owner of the step, and the exit criteria before changing code. Operators should be able to re-run the step from a known checkpoint without guessing hidden state. Prefer small, testable units over sprawling scripts. When a step fails, the failure should point at a single responsibility rather than a tangled pipeline. Cite the passages that actually grounded the answer. Without citations, operators cannot tell hallucination from an indexing gap.
# query_expander.py
import google.generativeai as genai
import os
genai.configure(api_key=os.getenv("GEMINI_API_KEY"))
def expand_query(raw_query: str) -> str:
"""
Rewrite a short user query into a more detailed retrieval query.
Returns the expanded version. Falls back to original on failure.
"""
model = genai.GenerativeModel("gemini-2.0-flash")
prompt = (
"Rewrite the following search query to be more detailed and specific. "
"Add relevant context, related terminology, and clarify the intent. "
"Keep it as a single question. Do not add facts not implied by the original.\n\n"
f"Original query: {raw_query}\n\n"
"Expanded query:"
)
try:
response = model.generate_content(
prompt,
generation_config={"temperature": 0.2, "max_output_tokens": 200}
)
return response.text.strip()
except Exception:
return raw_query # Graceful fallback
# Usage in query pipeline:
# expanded = expand_query("API limits engineering review")
# query_embedding = embed_text(expanded, task_type="RETRIEVAL_QUERY")
3. Run Multiple Queries in Parallel
For the 3 Run Multiple Queries stage, define the inputs, the owner of the step, and the exit criteria before changing code. Operators should be able to re-run the step from a known checkpoint without guessing hidden state. Treat this stage as a contract between inputs and validated outputs. Name the artifacts, define success checks, and refuse silent partial completion. Cite the passages that actually grounded the answer. Without citations, operators cannot tell hallucination from an indexing gap. For the 3 Run Multiple Queries stage, define the inputs, the owner of the step, and the exit criteria before changing code. Operators should be able to re-run the step from a known checkpoint without guessing hidden state. Keep configuration outside application code. Environment files, secret stores, and feature flags belong in one place operators can audit without reading the whole graph.
# multi_query.py
import concurrent.futures
from query_expander import expand_query
from embedder import embed_text
from vector_store import MultimodalVectorStore
store = MultimodalVectorStore(persist_dir="./chroma_db")
def generate_query_variants(query: str) -> list[str]:
"""Generate multiple phrasings for a single question."""
import google.generativeai as genai
import os
genai.configure(api_key=os.getenv("GEMINI_API_KEY"))
model = genai.GenerativeModel("gemini-2.0-flash")
prompt = (
f"Generate 3 different ways to search for information about: {query}\n\n"
"Return exactly 3 queries, one per line, no numbering or bullets."
)
response = model.generate_content(prompt)
variants = [line.strip() for line in response.text.strip().split("\n") if line.strip()]
return ([query] + variants)[:4] # Always include original, cap at 4 total
def multi_query_search(query: str, n_per_query: int = 4) -> list[dict]:
"""
Search with multiple query variants and deduplicate results.
Returns unique chunks ranked by their best similarity score.
"""
variants = generate_query_variants(query)
def search_one(variant: str) -> list[dict]:
embedding = embed_text(variant, task_type="RETRIEVAL_QUERY")
return store.search(embedding, n_results=n_per_query)
# Run all variants in parallel
all_results = []
with concurrent.futures.ThreadPoolExecutor(max_workers=4) as executor:
futures = {executor.submit(search_one, v): v for v in variants}
for future in concurrent.futures.as_completed(futures):
all_results.extend(future.result())
# Deduplicate by source file + chunk index, keeping best similarity score
seen = {}
for chunk in all_results:
meta = chunk["metadata"]
key = f"{meta['source_file']}:{meta['chunk_index']}"
if key not in seen or chunk["similarity"] > seen[key]["similarity"]:
seen[key] = chunk
return sorted(seen.values(), key=lambda x: x["similarity"], reverse=True)
4. Re-rank Retrieved Chunks
When working through the 4 Re-rank Retrieved Chunks stage, write down the contract first: required inputs, success signal, and what happens on partial failure. That checklist keeps later code changes honest. Document the happy path and the recovery path together. Retries, human gates, and dead-letter handling are part of the product, not later polish. Measure recall on a fixed question set before tuning prompts. Prompt churn rarely fixes a weak retrieval surface.
# reranker.py
from sentence_transformers import CrossEncoder
# This model runs locally, no API cost, fast inference
_reranker = None
def get_reranker():
global _reranker
if _reranker is None:
_reranker = CrossEncoder("cross-encoder/ms-marco-MiniLM-L-6-v2")
return _reranker
def rerank_chunks(query: str, chunks: list[dict], top_k: int = 5) -> list[dict]:
"""
Re-rank retrieved chunks using a cross-encoder model.
Cross-encoders read both query and chunk together, giving much
more precise relevance scores than embedding cosine similarity.
Only practical on a small candidate set (10-20 chunks).
"""
reranker = get_reranker()
# For video/audio, we use the metadata preview as the text input.
# For text chunks, we use the actual content.
pairs = []
for chunk in chunks:
if chunk["modality"] == "text":
doc_text = chunk["content"]
else:
meta = chunk["metadata"]
doc_text = (
f"{chunk['modality']} recording: {meta['source_file']} "
f"at {meta.get('timestamp_start', '')} to {meta.get('timestamp_end', '')}"
)
pairs.append([query, doc_text])
scores = reranker.predict(pairs)
for chunk, score in zip(chunks, scores):
chunk["rerank_score"] = float(score)
return sorted(chunks, key=lambda x: x["rerank_score"], reverse=True)[:top_k]
# Usage:
# candidates = store.search(query_embedding, n_results=20) # Retrieve wide
# final = rerank_chunks(query, candidates, top_k=5) # Re-rank narro
5. Set a Similarity Threshold and Stick to It
When working through the 5 Set a Similarity stage, write down the contract first: required inputs, success signal, and what happens on partial failure. That checklist keeps later code changes honest. Prefer small, testable units over sprawling scripts. When a step fails, the failure should point at a single responsibility rather than a tangled pipeline. Measure recall on a fixed question set before tuning prompts. Prompt churn rarely fixes a weak retrieval surface.
The Results
When working through the The Results stage, write down the contract first: required inputs, success signal, and what happens on partial failure. That checklist keeps later code changes honest. Treat this stage as a contract between inputs and validated outputs. Name the artifacts, define success checks, and refuse silent partial completion. Measure recall on a fixed question set before tuning prompts. Prompt churn rarely fixes a weak retrieval surface. When working through the The Results stage, write down the contract first: required inputs, success signal, and what happens on partial failure. That checklist keeps later code changes honest. Keep configuration outside application code. Environment files, secret stores, and feature flags belong in one place operators can audit without reading the whole graph.
What the Matryoshka Dimensions Mean for Your Infrastructure
The What the Matryoshka Dimensions stage works best when treated as a measurable surface. Capture one golden transcript, one failure case, and the rollback note before expanding scope. Document the happy path and the recovery path together. Retries, human gates, and dead-letter handling are part of the product, not later polish. Separate chunking policy from retrieval policy. Changing one should not force a rewrite of the other when quality metrics move.
What You Can Build With This
The What You Can Build stage works best when treated as a measurable surface. Capture one golden transcript, one failure case, and the rollback note before expanding scope. Prefer small, testable units over sprawling scripts. When a step fails, the failure should point at a single responsibility rather than a tangled pipeline. Separate chunking policy from retrieval policy. Changing one should not force a rewrite of the other when quality metrics move.
Actionable Takeaways
The Actionable Takeaways stage works best when treated as a measurable surface. Capture one golden transcript, one failure case, and the rollback note before expanding scope. Treat this stage as a contract between inputs and validated outputs. Name the artifacts, define success checks, and refuse silent partial completion. Separate chunking policy from retrieval policy. Changing one should not force a rewrite of the other when quality metrics move. The Actionable Takeaways stage works best when treated as a measurable surface. Capture one golden transcript, one failure case, and the rollback note before expanding scope. Keep configuration outside application code. Environment files, secret stores, and feature flags belong in one place operators can audit without reading the whole graph.
What Is Still Missing
For the What Is Still Missing stage, define the inputs, the owner of the step, and the exit criteria before changing code. Operators should be able to re-run the step from a known checkpoint without guessing hidden state. Document the happy path and the recovery path together. Retries, human gates, and dead-letter handling are part of the product, not later polish. Cite the passages that actually grounded the answer. Without citations, operators cannot tell hallucination from an indexing gap.
Let’s Keep Learning Together
For the Let s Keep Learning stage, define the inputs, the owner of the step, and the exit criteria before changing code. Operators should be able to re-run the step from a known checkpoint without guessing hidden state. Prefer small, testable units over sprawling scripts. When a step fails, the failure should point at a single responsibility rather than a tangled pipeline. Cite the passages that actually grounded the answer. Without citations, operators cannot tell hallucination from an indexing gap.
Operational checklist
The Operational checklist stage works best when treated as a measurable surface. Capture one golden transcript, one failure case, and the rollback note before expanding scope.
Record timings and token or query cost next to functional results. Cost visibility early prevents surprise bills when the path moves from demo to shared environments.
Separate chunking policy from retrieval policy. Changing one should not force a rewrite of the other when quality metrics move.
Add a smoke test that exercises the critical path in CI with fixtures, not live paid APIs, whenever budgets allow.
Keep configuration outside application code. Environment files, secret stores, and feature flags belong in one place operators can audit without reading the whole graph.
Separate chunking policy from retrieval policy. Changing one should not force a rewrite of the other when quality metrics move.
Before promoting the stack, freeze versions, capture a golden transcript for the critical path, and confirm rollback steps. Shared environments need rate limits, tenancy checks, and a clear owner for secret rotation. Prefer boring reliability over clever one-off demos.
Batch note for b3567bc23c05: keep provider keys out of the repo, set a per-session token ceiling, and store transcripts next to the eval fixtures so later model swaps stay comparable.